Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Criminal Justice - 1258 Words

One of the first prison systems was called the Pennsylvania System. The ideology of this system was used in the Eastern State Penitentiary in the early 1800s. This system had very definite ideas on how a prison should be organized and managed. The operation of this prison was based on the following 5 general principles (Clear, Cole, Reisig, 2006): 1. Do not treat prisoners harshly, but instruct them that hard and selective forms of suffering could change their lives. 2. Solitary confinement will prevent further corruption. 3. Offenders should reflect on their transgressions and repent. 4. Solitary confinement is considered punishment. 5. Solitary confinement is economical. The Quakers are the ones that actually formed these†¦show more content†¦During this time rehabilitation was the theory and punishment was no longer the idea. These punishments or correctional aspects have done a great deal to the effects upon the prisoners. For the punishment of solitary confinement, this can go both ways. In one way if you put an individual in confinement they have time to think about the crime that they have committed and can give a good hard look at their life. Then on the other hand if you put someone in confinement where there is no noise, no light, and nothing to do this person can go mentally insane. When it began it was for the hardest criminals it has changed now a days to you get confinement for doing another crime in prison, being a disturbance, and/or refusing to do a request for the guards such as take a sheet off you window so they are able to see in on what you are doing, that way they can tell if you are okay or trying to do something illegal in prison. This would include drugs, wine, shanks, etc. also they are able to tell your mental state, if you are in imminent danger from yourself. The aspect on working in prison has changed but only for the safety of the prisoners and guards. If helped some of the prisoners have something to do during the day, a way for them to be productive. Then on the other hand in the beginning they were forced to work no matter if they liked it or not, there were even stories of them being sold as slaves. Cell blocks in the beginning were huge; they had a restroom,Show MoreRelatedCommunity Justice And Criminal Justice980 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity justice is a broad term that includes many aspects of involving the community. The main goal is to enhance the lives within the community through the creation of problem solving strategies and strengthening the standards within the community by restoring victim’s quality of life, and reintegrating offenders of crimes. Although community justice can be traced back hundreds of years. The model is still considered a nontraditional approach in today’s criminal justice sector. Due to its broadRead MoreJustice And The Criminal Justice System Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to the criminal justice system, there is often a gray area between what is considered fair and what is just, with these concepts many times having a connection. Furthermore, justice and fairness are subjective and many times individuals’ concept of what is fair or just differ. Throughout a recent court case involving a Stanford University swimmer being charged with rape, that issue became well evident. This case involved a Stanford student, Brock Turner, being charged with sexuallyRead MoreThe On The Criminal Justice System984 Words   |  4 PagesGarland (2001), view on â€Å"the criminal justice system in America was created to keep communities safe, to respect and restore victims, and to return offenders who leave prison to be self-sufficient and law-abiding. Treatment simply did not work either by therapy or broader social programs and became is a monumental fai lure that our states and nation can no longer afford† (p.61) Garland (2001) stated â€Å"that the collapse of faith in our correction system began a wave of demoralization that underminedRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System720 Words   |  3 Pagesrole in the courts, compared to the accused or offender (Booth, 2016). Victim-focused law reforms are open to many jurisdictions throughout Australia, and majority of systems which follow the adversarial nature of proceedings (Garkawe, 2007). The justice system aims to enforce a therapeutic structure, however, in some instances this fails to be upheld for the victim. In a sentencing hearing, an offender’s mitigating factors may reduce their sentence, therefore providing the offender with more rehabilitativeRead MoreCriminal Justice Majors1105 Words   |  5 PagesContrary to popular belief the life of a criminal justice major is not all about being a hardboiled cop or a living a black and white noir film, there is actually quite a bit of disciplinary literacy in the background. People looki ng forward to a career in criminal justice should be able to write up investigation reports, reports to be used in trials, and documents relating to various types of criminal offenders. For a bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice 120 credits including some general electiveRead MoreCriminal Justice System1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Criminal Justice System is to reduce the crime and the fire of crime. In order to achieve this it is using different agencies and the major of them are the Police, Prosecution, Courts, Prisons and Probation. They all are operating in synchrony for achieving their legal responsibilities and particularly for reducing the level of crime. The aim of this essay specifically is to discuss the functions of the police and how they actually fit with the objectives of the Criminal Justice System asRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of the criminal justice system is explained by three definitions: Control crime, Prevent crime, and provide and maintain justice. This sense of criminal justice has been the same since pre-civilized communities, where the elders of a tribe enforced the laws of the vill age. The criminal justice system has changed drastically from the times of kinship systems to today’s system of laws. As time has passed criminal justice has change in many ways, for example: the way they dress, arrest,Read MoreCriminal Justice Essay598 Words   |  3 Pageslaws being put into the law books that help victims when violated, the courts are still not looking out for those individuals who have in fact be victimized. â€Å"Advocates for victims’ rights have long complained that they have been sidelined by a criminal justice system that is focused on the interplay between the state and the defendant†. (Boland amp; Butler, 2009)This statement alone dictates how the system actually works when it comes to the victim in court. Most individuals lose sight that thereRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1305 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout this course, I have learned about the many segments of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system is made up of three main elements which process a case from initiation, through trial, to punishment. First a case starts with law enforcement officials, who investigate crime and gather evidence to identify and use against the assumed suspect. The case then proceeds to the court system, which evaluates the evidence to decide if the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the defendantRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1321 Words   |  6 PagesThe Criminal Justice System consists of three main components; police, corrections, and the courts, which play a role in maintaining a proper and functional system. These three core functions have their own limitations and use of discretion. At times discrimination occurs within each individual function. Policing is law enforcement, which obtains the backbone and gatekeepers to The Criminal Justice System. This is where discretion takes place the most. Indeed, discrimination can start with policing

Monday, December 23, 2019

Essay about Sherman Alexie What it means to be an Indian...

Sherman Alexie: What it means to be an Indian in America â€Å"Dr. Mather, if the Ghost Dance worked, there would be no exceptions. All you white people would disappear. All of you. If those dead Indians came back to life, they wouldn’t crawl into a sweathouse with you. They wouldn‘t smoke the pipe with you. They’d kill you. They’d gut you and eat your heart.† -Marie, Indian Killer, 314 The identity of the modern Native American is not found in simple language or description. Neither does a badge or collection of eagle feathers determine Native American identity. As Alexie demonstrates through the character of Dr. Mather and Wilson, pony-tails and store bought drums are mere materialistic symbols and stereotypes: they have no real value†¦show more content†¦Yet the hatred that Marie embraces is intrinsic to the reality she’s come to understand, which, Alexie reminds us, is formed in terms of opposition and argument. She is politically antagonistic because she feels she has to be, and is extremely disrespectful to any white person she might not like upon closer contact. Yet Marie is intensely passionate about education, about her culture, and about the Indian struggle. As Alexie strives to demonstrate throughout Indian Killer, this hatred, while not without cause or inevitability, is the root of racial wars and senseless violence. In human terms of hate and love, of power and submission, modern day Seattle teems with deeply set racial problems and equally damaging ignorance. Alexie intends that Native American identity be understood in a legacy of relocation and family destruction: he begins his tale centered on the ironically named John Smith and John’s removal from his mother and his culture. John becomes embedded in this hate and violence, yet is never identified as a killer or a murder: in fact, none of the cast is identified as the murderer or the culprit of kidnappings. The entire city of Seattle becomes a leaping bed of violence and destruction through the lives of Alexie’s characters: the characterization of his rich cast promotes racial commonalities in violence and rhetoric, as well as behavior. Yet while Alexie acknowledges that modern Native American identity isShow MoreRelatedEng 2001040 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluences Poverty is one of the main problem in the world, either developed country or developing country. Poverty both influence developed country, America and developing country, Mexico. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian and The Devil’s Highway, they both facing the poverty issue. Sherman Alexie is telling us about the Indian American living in a hard life and Luis Alberto Urrea is telling us about the poor Mexican people migrating to United States for gaining wealth. Both ofRead MoreEssay Sherman Alexie1140 Words   |  5 PagesSherman Alexie The odds were against Sherman Alexie on that day in October 1966. Not only was he born a minority, but he was also hydrocephalic. At the age of 6 months, he had a brain operation, but was not expected to live. Though he pulled through, doctors predicted he would be severely mentally retarded. Fortunately, they were wrong, but he did suffer through seizures and wet his bed throughout his childhood (What 1). Rather than being called Native American, which he feels is a guiltyRead MoreReservation Blues By Sherman Alexie1677 Words   |  7 PagesSherman Alexie’s novel, Reservation Blues, successfully captures the essence of pain and struggle that was so evident in both the slavery of Africans and the eradication of Native Americans, and integrates the power of blues music in order to bring the reader a breathtaking story. Alexie develops a strong, interconnected web of characters sharing common misfortune. Whether it is in Coyote Spring’s inability to succeed, Robert Johnson’s painstaking attempt to leave his guitar over the years, alcoholismRead MoreCrow Testament Analysis1627 Words   |  7 PagesAs seen throughout Sherman Alexie’s work, despair and hardship caused by European influences among Native peoples is a common issue that seems to be a reoccurring element in his work. Through the use of figurative language, Alexie is able to transcribe those issue s onto paper by using metaphors and illusions to describe emotions conveyed by the Native peoples. Sherman Alexie is a Native American writer that is influenced by his experiences while growing up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in theRead MoreThe Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven is a book written by; Sherman Alexie. In this book, Alexie writes about a group of Native Americans who live on the Spokane Indian Reservation. As this novel may be fiction, some of the stories that are portrayed in the text have some very real meaning the them. These Native Americans endure lots of heartache and tragedy in this book as they are faced with problems like alcoholism, car accidents, loss of loved one and houses burning. In the face of adversityRead MoreSummary Of Democracy Of America By Alexis De Tocqueville1314 Words   |  6 Pages In† Democracy of America† chapter XVII written by Alexis de Tocqueville, he discusses the plight of indians(natives). Tocqueville talks about how he believed the fate of Native Americans would be to completely deprived of liberty. In addition to what he believed, Tocqueville says, â€Å"The success of the Cherokees proves that the Indians are capable of civilization, but it does not prove that they will succeed in it†(page 401).Whenever the Indians were able to submit to civilization they were neverRead MoreThe Process Of Learning How I Read And Write848 Words   |  4 Pageswhich Alexie, Malcom X, and Douglass achieved their competence in literacy. The unconventional method through which they learned the art of reading and writing was a way more extreme and complex path from the one that anyone else at their age would have had. The three authors mentioned above, all comes from disadvantaged backgrounds that prevented them to get their instruction and found shelter in books stories when they were alone. They all were all men who truly loved to read. Sherman Alexie andRead MoreClose Reading of a Poem Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesPoem ON THE AMTRAK FROM BOSTON TO NEW YORK CITY: BY SHERMAN ALEXIE On the Amtrak from Boston to New York City is an emotionally provocative poem by the Native American Indian writer, Sherman Alexie. It describes a train journey from Boston to New York City in which an elderly white woman excitedly points out historical sites to her fellow passenger, a younger Native American Indian. The poem demonstrates how narrow minded the American Indian finds the white American culture; for, it does not goRead MoreOmniscient Point of View in â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona2086 Words   |  9 PagesOmniscient Point of view in â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† The story â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† by Sherman Alexie is a fictional narrative that reflects his experiences during his past and present life. The author allows the audience to become the social media that critiques his life when he evokes important episodes of his life through Victor and Thomas Builds-the-Fire liveliness. In this process, Sherman Alexis uses his omniscient point of view to tellRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexies Novel The Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight In Heaven2012 Words   |  9 PagesEssay 1 In Sherman Alexie’s novel The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven shows the struggles of daily Native American life, which is shown through the point of view of male character. All though out the book the following three questions appear: ‘What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? and What does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?’ Alexie uses literary devices such as point of view, imagery, characterization to make his point that

Sunday, December 15, 2019

My View on Sporting Event Free Essays

Popular events like the football world cup and other international sporting occasions are essential in easing international tensions and releasing patriotic emotions in a safe way. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? In present days,more and more countries are putting big sporting events into national agenda due to a sporting explosion and their increasingly attentions towards multinational sports occupations. Meantime,issues are highly debated on whether such international sporting activities can ease the intensive atmospheres between competitive countries or not. We will write a custom essay sample on My View on Sporting Event or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personally, I really appreciate the former idea for several reasons. In general,popular sporting events contribute to harmonious relationships between the participated nations. To start with,communications between nations during the games enable them to be closer to others. Participation in the events promotes the development of friendshios and recongnition,which are acquired by sharing the exciting moments and cooperating with each other. Moreover,every joining country is likely to concentrate on the game during the competiton,which ,as a result,tend to pay less attention to deal with his enemies in the fields of politics or economy. It is true that countries can afford no distraction to pose threats to the security of other countries during the game. Admittedly,sporting events may not function well to shoulder the responsibility for eliminating the contradiction between countries. The reason for this is that such events can make competitions even more intensive than before,provided that one country win another,which is coincidently its enemy. Obviously,the situation tends to be counterproductive,let alone the expectation of an improvement. Even so,it is unusual that such sort of thing happens frequently,as the game launched internationly is seen as a profile of promoting team spirit and paticipation. In summary,I would concede that the sporting events cause worse problems in some cases. Despite that,they play pivotal roles in cooling strained emotions safely. Overall,I am convinced that more and more countries should join in the events. How to cite My View on Sporting Event, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Implementation Of Theory Of Human Caring - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Implementation Of Theory Of Human Caring? Answer: Introduction The true prevalence of compassion fatigue (CF) among mental health nurses remains open for discussion. Working with mental health patients is full of stressful situations and a growing literature is suggesting burnout among mental health nurses. CF is defined as a state of psychological or physical stress condition among nurses or caregivers that occurs due to consequences of snowballing and ongoing process in demanding relationship with mental health patients (Mendes 2014). This condition is also defined as helper syndrome resulting from disappointing situations that give rise to loss of compassion and moral distress. CF is defined to result from deep involvement with mentally ill patients leading to suffering during caring for them (van Mol et al. 2015). Complex demands made from mental health nurses while caring for dementia patients place extraordinary stress marketing them feel overburdened in their profession. This has serious implications as inability to deliver proper care fo r patients leading to compassion and increased number of nurse turnover (Kelly, Runge and Spencer 2015). Therefore, the above discussion highlights that CF is reaching an alarming stage and require implementation of strategies for prevention, identification and mitigation of CF among mental health nurses. Taking this into consideration, the following paper will discuss and contribute to the understanding of CF among mental health nurses and ways to prevent it. Moreover, the paper will also discuss best evidence based literature available on the chosen topic. The rationale for choosing this topic is that nurses are the largest and single member of healthcare providers who are at the frontlines of care delivery. In addition, mental health nurses provide care for serious mentally ill patients having complex needs. Therefore, to reduce burnout and ensure quality of care in mental health nursing, there is urgent need for CF mitigation to provide best quality of received care. Mental health nurses forms a crucial part of psychiatric workforce-mental health speciality and their role in caring for dementia patients is exhausting both mentally and physically. Caring for dementia patients is extremely stressful as patients lack the ability to communicate and this result in difficulty to manage patients that give rise to work-related stress among mental health nurses. CF not only impact mental health nurses in psychiatric speciality due to caring for dementia patients, but also due to pain experiences of patients suffering from dementia (Franza, Del Buono and Pellegrino 2015). Figley explained that CF is experienced by individuals who see others in pain and distress (Sheppard 2015). Similarly, when mental health nurses view their patients suffering from dementia experiencing pain, they get traumatized via their efforts to show empathy and compassion. This is the reason CF is designated as secondary traumatic stress that results from caring for dementia patients suffering from emotional and physical stress or pain (Hinderer et al. 2014). Another triggering factor for CF among nurses is work environment (Hunsaker et al. 2015). Due to shortage of mental health nurses, workload and poor support make them helpless and they are unable to escape situation giving rise to workplace-related stress and CF. Intense involvement of mental health nurses with dementia patients gives rise to CF or psychological stress and impairment of provision of care given to them leading to poor care delivery and management. As suggested in literature, one of the main effects of dementia is losing control and behavioural changes that are sudden and challenging for mental health nurses to manage (Mitchell et al. 2014). Moreover, there are challenges to hydration, adequate nutrition, sleep patterns and difficulties with motivation demanding high amount of care from mental health nurses leave them devastated and stressed being a significant factor hampering patient safety. To adhere to these demands of dementia care, mental health nurses face state of exhaustion with losing coping ability. Various triggering factors are witnessed in CF that includes physical, work-related and emotional symptoms. There is less empathy towards them and avoidance of working with dementia patients, restlessness, mood swings, irritability, anxiety, poor judgment, depression and loss of objectivity (Sheppard 2015). These consequences give rise to CF including hyper-vigilance, sleep disturbance, anxiety, fear, physical sensations like feeling burdened, difficulty in concentrating, overwhelmed with feelings of hopelessness and isolation resulting in disengagement and disconnectedness (Hegney et al. 2014). These conditions not only affect nurses in terms of physical or emotional health, but also their job satisfaction and workplace environment decreasing organizational productivity and increasing nursing turnover. Various theoretical perspectives are related to CF. Watson theory of human caring states that empathy and communication advocates for empathetic relationship-based nursing that is defined to understand feelings and situations from patients perspective and communicating accordingly to gain understanding of patients condition (Yeter Durgun Ozan 2015). Another perceptive put forward by Koloroutis is that healthy relationship with patients can only be advocated, if nurses relationship with self is established (Fitzpatrick 2014). However, due to CF there are imbalances in personal relationship and work-life that becomes a significant factor in CP. Physical and emotional factors triggering CF is hampering their relationship with self and in optimizing their health resulting in failure to provide compassionate care and being a productive member of mental health workforce (Drury et al. 2014). The emotional investment that mental health nurses invest is overextended that challenge their abili ty to manage demands of being empathetic and compassionate towards patients with dementia (Sorenson et al. 2016). This is a serious issue impacting adversely and directly on the nurses psychology, psychical and emotional health. Although, professional nursing thrives to provide care and develop empathetic relationship with patients, this relationship is not possible that is contributing to CF requiring conscious steps to lessen or avoid this condition. Therefore, there is an urgency to develop understanding and create awareness among the healthcare system to mitigate CF among nurses and reduce burnout and turnover. The primary role of nurses is to provide high quality of care and work towards meeting the physical and emotional needs of patients. This role becomes immensely rewarding and challenging for nurses especially in mental health speciality while caring for dementia patients. This is explained by Compassion Stress/Fatigue Model that this highly specialized type of work is greatly demanding and challenging for them creating increased and continuous stressful workplace conditions for them. Moreover, it also creates increasingly heavy workload and cynicism due to dwindling resources, lack of support from co-workers and management team resulting in low job satisfaction and eventually CF (Melvin 2015). Vast pool of literature is present to describe CF as cost of caring for patients suffering from physical and emotional pain. A report published by Hospital Healthcare Bulletin, Australia states that CF is recognized since 1970s is defined as combination of emotional, physical and spiritual depletion that is associated while caring for people in physical distress and emotional stress. The prevalence in Australia has increased from 25% to 70% among mental health professionals while caring for patients with mental health problems repeatedly experiencing trauma and pain (Hospital Health Bulletin 2018). According to Ledoux (2015) CF is characterized by deep emotional or physical exhaustion being a pronounced change in order to help patients and feel empathetic towards them. According to Ray et al. (2013) frontline mental healthcare professionals (FMHPs) including nursing perform variety of roles in providing high quality of care to suffering from psychological and physical complaints like dementia that give rise to CF. The cross-sectional and non-experimental study conducted was aimed at determining CF among mental health professionals including nurses. Various factors contribute to CF like work life dissatisfaction, lack of support and trauma experienced while caring for mentally ill patients. High levels of compassion dissatisfaction and fatigue increase the chances of workplace stress among mental health nurses giving rise to high levels of nursing burnout and turnover. According to Morse et al. (2012) due to increasing fatigue among mental health professionals, burnout is increasingly viewed rising as a major concern in the mental nursing speciality. As mentioned in literature, patients suffering from dementia are unable to communicate well and perform self-care activities and as a result, they are unable to raise their concerns and needs to nurses. They work beyond their limits, however resulting in reduced sense of personal accomplishment or self-efficacy to perform their work. There is deceased overall job dissatisfaction and negative self-evaluation leading to nursing burnout in mental healthcare. Although, burnout is related to mental health conditions like depression and anxiety, research support the fact that it is construct that greatly occur from stress reaction and job dissatisfaction. Secondary traumatisation or compassion fatigue is related to burnout where nurses are unable care for the patients. According to Whitebird et al. (2013) nurses working in hospice care (acute and emergency care) impart challenging work to the nurses overwhelmed stress and heavy workload. This lead to CF, depression and anxiety among nurses also affecting their mental health and face issues in coping up. After surveying 547 workers in hospice care in Minnesota, it was found that there were high levels of stress among the nurses and medical staffs reporting moderate to severe anxiety, depression and CF leading to burnout. They reported that to manage their stress, they seek physical support and physical activity suggesting opportunities while connecting with co-workers in order to decrease nurse burnout. This risk their mental health conditions increasing risk for burnout contributing to nurses leaving hospice care. Zeidner et al. (2013) in their paper stated that both professional and personal factors contribute to CF among healthcare professionals. About 89 mental healths and 93 medical healthcare professionals participated in the research for measuring CF. The major findings of the study suggested that emotional intelligence like motivation, social and communications skills, self-confidence, self-awareness, empathy and self-regulation are inversely proportional to CF. While working with mentally ill patients, nurses are unable to communicate well and show compassion and empathy towards them that results in de-motivation and unwillingness to work. This over-demanding need of high degree of care greatly affects nurses leading to anxiety, CF and in severe cases, leads to depression. Furthermore, nurses inability to cope with problem mediate CF rising from emotional intelligence affect their quality of life and forms basis for early identification of CF to decrease nursing burnout and turnover. According to Coetzee and Klopper (2010) the phenomenon where nurses lose their nurturing power towards their patients in their nursing practice results in CF acting as risk factor. As there is scarce literature present in terms of CF in nursing practice, there is still increase in knowledge where workplace stress and inability to perform care towards patients can give rise to CF. Peer support network and seeking managerial assistance can help to reduce the detrimental effects of CF among mental health nursing workforce. Programs that help nurses and other healthcare professionals to seek skill-education and free counselling along with services offered to nurses can seek them opportunity to cope and prevent CF enhancing their quality of life and professional development. From the above literature, it is evident that prolonged and frequent exposure of mental health nurses in mental ward settings providing care for mentally ill patients exposes them to fatigue and depression. While understanding the complex needs of mental ill patients and inability to provide care triggers CF among them leading to reduction in motivation, resilience and ability to work in their nursing speciality. In order to mitigate CF arising due to inability to care for patients with dementia, it is important to understand CF and most importantly, work towards fulfilling the health literacy needs for older adult dementia patients. Health literacy and cognition is reduced in dementia patients due to reduced working memory processing and inability to remember and process new information resulting in loss of self control and changes in behavioural patterns. This is the reason that makes them forget specific details being unaware of time and situation due to poor information comprehension. Therefore, health literacy needs of dementia patients and communicating effectively with them can help to reduce stress due to lack of care resulting in CF (McCaffery et al. 2013). Various approaches are available that can help nurses to care for dementia patients and recognize the early signs of fatigue and stress. As dementia patients have memory problems, it is quite mandatory to repeat the essential information to them so that there is proper processing of information and meaning. It is not necessary that all dementia patients have severe symptoms, moderate symptoms can also occur, so while communicating, nurses should focus on important personal details that can help to minimize their distractions. Apart from verbal communication, non-verbal communication is also important where nurses should execute gestures to show that one is truthful and listening to them. Non-verbal communication comprises of four different cues playing various roles; repetition as it helps to convey message effectively, substitution as eye contact and accurate body posture can help to make patients understand conveyed message, complementing that can help to make the patient feel conc erned and accenting or highlighting the important message (De Vries 2013). Communicating through directions is important for dementia patients emphasizing on desired actions help to boost their working memory, reducing confusion and in taking appropriate action when required. Empathetic relationship is important as it helps to build rapport and trustworthy relationship with patients. It is also important to use plain language and simple words to make them understand the conveyed message. In this way, it is quite beneficial for mental health nurses to focus on their actions that can be helpful to make patients feel valued and respected reducing aggression in them. Aggression comes with mental illness and inability to perform self-care activities and so nurses need to consider the early signs of fatigue and stress (McEvoy and Plant 2014). Similarly, to mitigate CF among nurses and enhance their literacy needs, it is important for them to get engaged in self care strategies. The elements of self-care involve adequate sleep, well-balanced nutritious diet, mindfulness including exercise and learning to stay optimistic can help to prevent CF (Dereen Houck 2014). Stress relief strategies like running, walking, meditation, yoga and meditation can help nurses to stay motivated and have balanced workplace and personal life. Nurses can also accomplish to meet the personal and professional demands by taking an active part in relaxation exercises like journaling and deep breathing. These activities can greatly allow nurses to keep their feelings of stress and fatigue aside and be focus and committed towards providing care (Mosadeghrad 2013). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that CF is reaching an alarming stage increasing nursing burnout and turnover. Nurses working in mental health specialty areas are prone to develop CF due to inability to perform care with compassion and empathy. The stress and polarity that is experienced by nurses conflict with their caring values holding high potential for distanced and compromised care. They suffer from poor judgment, feeling of hopelessness, anxiety, unwillingness to work, depression, anxiety and stress affecting quality of care delivered and hampering patient safety. The above discussion also highlights that challenges faced by nurses in mental health settings across globe demand urgent need for research and further development of effective strategies for addressing CF and understanding of factors contributing to it. Self-care strategies employed by nurses and addressing health literacy needs of dementia patients can help to develop caring environment and support t hem. Apart from this, CF also needs attention from management regarding evolving nursing expectations that can help to address their stress and increase attention focusing on nurses personal and professional development in holistic care in the future years. References Coetzee, S.K. and Klopper, H.C., 2010. Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis.Nursing health sciences,12(2), pp.235-243. De Vries, K., 2013. Communicating with older people with dementia.Nursing older people,25(4). Dereen Houck, R.N., 2014. Helping nurses cope with grief and compassion fatigue: an educational intervention.Clinical journal of oncology nursing,18(4), p.454. Drury, V., Craigie, M., Francis, K., Aoun, S. and Hegney, D.G., 2014. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: Phase 2 results.Journal of Nursing Management,22(4), pp.519-531. Fitzpatrick, J.J., 2014. Relationship based care and the psychiatric mental health nurse.Archives of psychiatric nursing,28(4), p.223. Franza, F., Del Buono, G. and Pellegrino, F., 2015. Psychiatric caregiver stress: clinical implications of compassion fatigue.Psychiatr Danub,27(Suppl 1), pp.S321-7. Hegney, D.G., Craigie, M., Hemsworth, D., Osseiran?Moisson, R., Aoun, S., Francis, K. and Drury, V., 2014. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, anxiety, depression and stress in registered nurses in Australia: study 1 results.Journal of Nursing Management,22(4), pp.506-518. Hinderer, K.A., VonRueden, K.T., Friedmann, E., McQuillan, K.A., Gilmore, R., Kramer, B. and Murray, M., 2014. Burnout, compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress in trauma nurses.Journal of Trauma Nursing,21(4), pp.160-169. hospitalhealth.com.au 2018.Compassion Fatigue: The Cost Of Caring. [online] Available at: https://www.hospitalhealth.com.au/content/aged-allied-health/article/compassion-fatigue-the-cost-of-caring-1376472314#axzz55vlsdsdo [Accessed 2 Feb. 2018]. Hunsaker, S., Chen, H.C., Maughan, D. and Heaston, S., 2015. Factors that influence the development of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in emergency department nurses.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,47(2), pp.186-194. Kelly, L., Runge, J. and Spencer, C., 2015. Predictors of compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction in acute care nurses.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,47(6), pp.522-528. Ledoux, K., 2015. Understanding compassion fatigue: understanding compassion.Journal of advanced nursing,71(9), pp.2041-2050. McCaffery, K.J., Holmes-Rovner, M., Smith, S.K., Rovner, D., Nutbeam, D., Clayman, M.L., Kelly-Blake, K., Wolf, M.S. and Sheridan, S.L., 2013. Addressing health literacy in patient decision aids.BMC medical informatics and decision making,13(2), p.S10. McEvoy, P. and Plant, R., 2014. Dementia care: using empathic curiosity to establish the common ground that is necessary for meaningful communication.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,21(6), pp.477-482. Melvin, C.S., 2015. Historical review in understanding burnout, professional compassion fatigue, and secondary traumatic stress disorder from a hospice and palliative nursing perspective.Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,17(1), pp.66-72. Mendes, A., 2014. Recognising and combating compassion fatigue in nursing.British Journal of Nursing,23(21), pp.1146-1146. Mitchell, A.J., Beaumont, H., Ferguson, D., Yadegarfar, M. and Stubbs, B., 2014. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta?analysis.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,130(6), pp.439-451. Morse, G., Salyers, M.P., Rollins, A.L., Monroe-DeVita, M. and Pfahler, C., 2012. Burnout in mental health services: A review of the problem and its remediation.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,39(5), pp.341-352. Mosadeghrad, A.M., 2013. Occupational stress and turnover intention: implications for nursing management.International journal of health policy and management,1(2), p.169. Ray, S.L., Wong, C., White, D. and Heaslip, K., 2013. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, work life conditions, and burnout among frontline mental health care professionals.Traumatology,19(4), pp.255-267. Sheppard, K., 2015. Compassion fatigue among registered nurses: Connecting theory and research.Applied Nursing Research,28(1), pp.57-59. Sorenson, C., Bolick, B., Wright, K. and Hamilton, R., 2016. Understanding compassion fatigue in healthcare providers: A review of current literature.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,48(5), pp.456-465. van Mol, M.M., Kompanje, E.J., Benoit, D.D., Bakker, J. and Nijkamp, M.D., 2015. The prevalence of compassion fatigue and burnout among healthcare professionals in intensive care units: a systematic review.PloS one,10(8), p.e0136955. Whitebird, R.R., Asche, S.E., Thompson, G.L., Rossom, R. and Heinrich, R., 2013. Stress, burnout, compassion fatigue, and mental health in hospice workers in Minnesota.Journal of palliative medicine,16(12), pp.1534-1539. Yeter Durgun Ozan PhD, B.S.N., 2015. Implementation of Watson's theory of human caring: A case study.International Journal of Caring Sciences,8(1), p.25. Zeidner, M., Hadar, D., Matthews, G. and Roberts, R.D., 2013. Personal factors related to compassion fatigue in health professionals.Anxiety, Stress Coping,26(6), pp.595-609.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Keys to Success in Cross

Table of Contents Background of the Project Research Questions Importance of the Project Academic Literatures How to Answer Research Questions Project Plan List of References Background of the Project The emerging technologies have turned the world into a global village, and many firms are struggling to find ways of expanding their global operations. International marketing strategies have become integral parts of strategic management as firms try to understand the nature of the environment in the international markets. The luxury industry is one of the oldest industries in the world.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Keys to Success in Cross-Border Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many companies offering luxurious products have been struggling to expand their operations to the international markets as a way of expanding their market share. Donia Allegue is one of the emerging luxury products t hat have been rapidly expanding over the recent past. This is one of the first Parisian turban designers that target high-end consumers in Europe. Started in February 2012, this fashion designer has experienced massive success in the recent past in France. However, the management must understand that the international market has some characteristics that are different from the home market in France. According to Ricca and Robins (2012, p. 67), â€Å"Cultural differences affect the nature and pattern of status-directed consumption.† Sometimes a product that is valuable to one group may be abhorred because of the cultural backgrounds. This is specifically so when it comes to the apparel industry. When planning to move to the international market, the marketing unit of Donia Allegue must realize that the international market may require different approaches in order to ensure that the operations of the firm are in line with the cultural needs of the local customers. Research Que stions When conducting a research project, it is always important to set specific research questions that would define the path to be taken when collecting data. Research questions always offer a guideline of the type of data to be collected. This helps in avoiding time wastage by collecting irrelevant information. The following are some of the research questions that will guide the process of collecting data. What is the impact of cultural and religious factors in defining the consumption of luxurious products? Is it necessary for a firm like Donia Allegue to modify its products based on the cultural and religious factors? When is it necessary for a firm in the luxurious industry to consider that it has the capacity to enter a market that has different cultural practices from that of the home country? The above three questions will form the basis of this project. Responding to the above questions will help determine the impact of cultural and religious practices on the luxurious industry. It will define when it is necessary for a firm to make an entry into a foreign market. Importance of the Project According to Wiedmann (2013, p. 112), there has been a consistent rise in the number of people into the upper and middle class in various countries across the world. In the United States and Europe, the number of people falling in the upper class has been on the rise. On the other hand, China, Brazil, India, and Africa have had a consistent rise in the number of people falling in the middle class.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means that the target market for luxurious products is rapidly on the rise. There are more people who can afford expensive products in the world market today, than it was in the past. Firms offering luxurious products have, therefore, been under pressure to expand their market operations beyond the national borders as a way of tapping into the expanding market. This research seeks to identify the best approach that these firms can use in order to expand their market share. The researcher appreciates the fact that cultural and religious factors may affect the internalization process of luxury companies. This research is very important because it sheds light on the approach that a firm should take when moving to the international markets. It explains the cultural trends in the market, and how firms such as Donia Allegue should define their products in a way that would enable them operate in the international market. The project seeks to inform these firms that what may be appealing to the French consumers may not be very successful in the market in Saudi Arabia (Okonkwo 2010, p. 76). This is so because of the difference in the cultural and religious practices in the two countries. From this research, these firms operating in luxurious products will be in a better position to formulate strategies t hat can enable them to operate in markets with varying socio-cultural dimensions. Academic Literatures Research is a continuous process that involves gathering new information in order to expand the existing knowledge in a given field. According to Samli (2013, p. 40), it is wrong for one to claim that he or she is conducting research from a scratch. There are always some existing literatures that are related to the topic in one way or the other. A research can on only be important if it brings new knowledge on a given topic. Duplication of the existing knowledge in a new piece of research may not be of any use. It is, therefore, important for the researcher to appreciate the body of the existing literatures in order to identify what other scholars have found out from their research. With this information, the researcher will need to identify the research gaps in the existing literatures. The researcher will determine the areas that other scholars ignored, areas that they recommende d further research, or those that have a contradiction despite being widely published. This way, the new research will be exploring new information in order to expand the knowledge that already exists in the literatures.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Keys to Success in Cross-Border Marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many scholars have conducted massive research on the impact of cultural and religious practices on the international trade. According to Belk (2010, p. 61), many firms have failed in their internationalization processes because of misunderstanding the cultural practices of a new market. This scholar gives an example of Victoria’s Secret that specializes on the lingerie. This firm had experienced massive success in Europe and American markets. It saw a big opportunity in the Middle East Market and made the decision to make its first entry in the region by establishing a store i n Bahrain. However, the decision to use models who were only wearing the lingerie was a disastrous move in a society that holds strict principles about the dress code of women. The product was met by an immediate rejection as it was considered a direct attack on the cultural and religious practices of the locals. The scholar says that the firm was almost forced out of the Kuwaiti market. The management had to restructure itself, eliminate the brands that had earned negative publicity and replace them with new products. The firm had to reinvent its brand in this market in order to manage the hostility in the market. This is an ordeal that a firm such as Donia Allengue should not be subjected to in its internationalization process. The impact of socio-cultural factors on the purchasing pattern of luxurious products is an area that scholars have given massive focus in the recent past. However, there are some contradictions on the existing literatures. While some scholars argue that som e luxurious products are beyond the influence of culture and religion, other scholars hold that every cultural practices is a strong force that cannot be ignored by any industry. For instance, Okonkwo (2007, p. 89) says that some of the top-of-the-range cars such as Mercedes Benz and BMW are always advertised using models who are casually dressed. This has never affected their sales in Middle East where strict principles about dress code are always observed. However, the case of Victoria’s Secret is completely different from this. In this project, the researcher will try to identify the truth as to whether some luxurious products are beyond cultural influence. It is from the first reading of these existing literatures that the researcher was able to define the research questions discussed above.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How to Answer Research Questions In every research, there must be the logical methods that are used to collect and analyze data in response to the set research questions. The methodology chosen for a research must be sensitive of the resources available for the research, including time and finance. It must also take into consideration the nature of the research (Kapferer Bastien 2012, p. 53). In this project, the data in response to the research questions will be collected from the primary and secondary sources. The primary sources of data will be collected from a firm that offers luxurious products through e-mail and phone interviews. This process is considered appropriate because it eliminates the geographic barrier. The secondary data will be gathered from books, journals, and other reliable online sources of information. Analysis of the data will be conducted quantitatively to come up with the empirical facts about the issue under investigation. Data collected must respond dire ctly to the questions set in this proposal. The responses will be presented in graphs, tables and charts for clarity. Project Plan Project planning is an important stage because it describes specific activities that should be carried out, the time allocations, and how the financial resources will be spent. The Gantt chart below shows some of the important activities in this project, and their timeline. Timeline of the Activities in Project As shown in the above Gantt chart, this process is expected to take eight weeks to be completed. Each of the activities has a set timeline, but some of them can be completed within a shorter period. Collection of primary and secondary data and their analysis will be the main objectives in this project. The final document should be an informative report that incorporates the views of many scholars, and the sentiments of the individuals interviewed when collecting primary data. List of References Belk, R 2010, Research in consumer behavior, Emerald , Bingley. Kapferer, J Bastien, V 2012, The luxury strategy: Break the rules of marketing to build luxury brands, Kogan Page, London. Okonkwo, U 2007, Luxury fashion branding: Trends, tactics, techniques, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Okonkwo, U 2010, Luxury online: Styles, strategies, systems, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Ricca, M Robins, R 2012, Meta-luxury: Brands and the culture of excellence, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Samli, A 2013, International consumer behavior in the 21st century: Impact on marketing strategy development, Springer, New York. Wiedmann, K 2013, Luxury marketing: A challenge for theory and practice, Gabler, Wiesbaden. This dissertation on Keys to Success in Cross-Border Marketing was written and submitted by user Lillie Quinn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Editing English Paper

Editing English Paper Editing English Paper Editing English PaperAnyone who has gone through the difficulties of writing an English essay is aware of the satisfaction of completion. Once you have finished writing your English paper and have said everything you wanted to say, arrived at the interesting conclusions, analyzed all relevant evidence, organized your ideas logically, and addressed counter-counters, you feel that there is nothing left to do but to run a computer-based spell-checker. Editing English paper can be annoying, confusing, and even boring. However, you cannot avoid this step of English essay writing because the quality and, most important, purity of your English essay depends on lack of mistakes, mistyped words, and errors. Editing English Paper TipsIf you need help with editing English paper, review the following secrets of successful editing: Read your English paper aloud: when you are working on sentences trying to express your ideas, you may lose attention to the larger picture. When you read your Engl ish paper aloud, you can hear how the sentences sound and, consequently, make necessary changes. Check all words: do they contribute to your arguments? You need to avoid using unnecessary words, phrases, and sentences. Do not use filler words if you do not know what to include in your English paper, it is better to submit a shorter written paper rather than add rubbish into it.Keep in mind the principle of Rights Words on the Right Places do not try to impress your teacher with long, unclear, and specialized words. Your language should be clear enough to avoid confusion and specific enough to achieve the desired understandingGo directly to point of your English paper. While it is nonsense to check the fitness of every single word, you should pay attention to the following detail: every paragraph should start with a topic sentence and be devoted a single idea. Otherwise, your English paper will lack clarity. Check the in-text citations and reference list. If you do no t want to be accused in plagiarism, you must ensure that all sources you used for writing your English paper are cited properly in accordance to the required referencing style such as APA, MLA, or Turabian. Editing English Paper: Professional ServiceIf you have written your English paper but want to make it perfect, you have an opportunity to use professional editing service at our site. We hire the most experienced, responsible, and, most importantly, certified paper editors who are able to make your English paper perfect in grammar, style, format, and structure! In addition, we offer help with writing English coursework, research paper editing , and all other academic assignments! There is no project we would give up!

Friday, November 22, 2019

Self regulation and behavior disorders Research Paper

Self regulation and behavior disorders - Research Paper Example This would facilitate the teachers to handle such pupils in the right way. Pedagogical evidence is one of the methods that helped the teachers to equip themselves with knowledge pertaining to self-regulation problem. The other method used was the use of videos that demonstrated behavioral changes among kids and adults. The videos served as an excellent method of gathering information concerning to the apprenticeship. The videos included both the PBIS and ABA analysis of behavioral changes. Results Results showed that children with behavioral changes had a problem to do with their brain. The behaviors come from the way biological mechanisms frame it. The baseline for the interventions required included the use of scripts defining the events of self-regulation. These scripts were for the teachers to adhere in the event of evaluating children with such a disorder. Use of natural methods of countering PBIS was a major intervention for the teachers and persons concerning to self-regulatio n. Strengths and limitations The evaluation of self-regulation included strengths that helped the teachers to originate the right interventions. These interventions required that enough evidence concerning to the causes of self- regulation became clear. Limitations facing apprenticeship included the difficulties of changing adults to change behaviors that they are already used to (Ylvisaker and Feeney, 2009). 2) Behavioral and Emotional Self-Regulation In children: Relations with the Nogo N2 Purpose of study The study aimed at establishing stimulus triggering behavioral regulation. The stimuli amplify the way the brain responds, a matter that is connected to the behaviors of a person. Population involved included children in the ages 5-6 years. These were children with bad behavior records, appearing uneasy and those brought up by aggressive parents. Methods One of the methods was the use of gamma synchrony that would trigger the state of mind of a certain person. Gamma involves the use of electrotherapy to check on the reception of a child’s brain electrotherapy. The other method was the use of nogo N2 that involved scrutiny of dorsal and ventral parts of the ACC. This part revealed the association between parenting and neurology. Results It was true that the behavior of children reflects the different environs in which they are brought up. This explains that children brought up by aggressive parents are liable to have behavioral disarrays. Stimuli included things such as the environment a particular child. Evidences showing that stimuli defined the behavior of a child included the electrophysiological. This enabled us to know the way in which stimuli contributed to behavioral change. Strengths and limitations One of the strengths of this research was that activators of a child’s behavioral change became clear. This meant that a child with such behaviors gets proper handling. Evidences showing the relationship between stimuli and behavioral chan ge were advantageous because they gave sound relations. One limitation that rose from the use of nogo N2 was that ventral ACC was not a proper way of handling children from authoritarians (Segalowitz et al, 2010). 3) Decreasing Child Defiance: Is Inquiry Indispensable? Purpose of study The study was aimed at describing how one can reduce defiance of children.This is because research had it that some children display defiance when trey are still small. Methods One way of establishing the truth

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

MS (Multiple Sclerosis) Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MS (Multiple Sclerosis) Disease - Research Paper Example It would be shown that indeed, with early detection, MS is manageable and treatable. MS is a chronic neurologic disease that comments on Experience Project indicates commonly affects the young adults aged between 25 and 35, targeting the central nervous system, CNS encompassing the optic nerve, spinal cord and the brain (Gelfand, Gelfand and Goadsby 73). It has been considered as an autoimmune disease which causes severe neurological disability due to demyelination, thus the reason for my numbness and fatigue. According to Amor and Noort (1), the massive amount of white blood cells that go into the tissue would cause swellings and consequently damage the tissue around the nerve fibers. Since these nerve fibers play a critical role in transmitting signals around the body, the damage could affect the functioning of the whole body. The female to male ratio of distribution has been documented as 3:1 (World Health Organization 17). One out of one thousand people suffer from MS in the Western world and the proportion keeps growing. In Europe, the disease affects about 400 ,000 people with the global figure standing at 2.5 million people according to Scolding and Wilkins (1), costing the EU economy approximately â‚ ¬9 billion every year. This disorder has been greatly associated with genetic factors, an argument that Scolding and Wilkins (4) use to explain the difference in its spread among different populations, notably the low prevalence among the Chinese and the Asian communities compared to the high prevalence in North America, the UK, Germany and Norway. Additionally, WHO (15) argues on the higher prevalence of the disorder in families that have a member who has been a victim, than in the general population. But to the best of my knowledge, no one in the family had suffered this disorder. As such, other factors could have played a greater role in causing the disorder.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Technology developments over the past 30 years have had only positive Essay

Technology developments over the past 30 years have had only positive effects on people's health - Essay Example The aim of man has been to pursue such a goal that is everlasting and beneficent for him and the people to come. Technology that is in fact for the sake of betterment of our lives has â€Å"proven to be the best companion of man† during this epoch (Kincaid, 2004). It all started with the invention of â€Å"cotton gin in 1792†, which proved to be a great turn in human history. People were able to turn from Neolithic mode of living to more improved life style. The pinnacle of the era that started off during the late 15th century matured in the mid 1850s. And it was the beginning of industrial revolution where mass production, and social revolution, took place of intensive farming and symbiotic lifestyle. Thus it can be said that late 20th century was the finality of man to realize that his salvage for the sake of longevity and betterment can only be achieved through technological advancement and (Lakwete, 2005). People devised ways for healthy living through the use of te chnology. Impetus for such a move was from the ailment, problematic and contorted living man has been in, throughout his history. Thus science for the sake of technology for better living has proven to be the answer (Intille, 2004). It has caused a great deal of help in achieving physiological or biogenic need of man. It has been able to provide secure lives to people and thus has been able to revolutionise our society. Attending to the negative side of the use of technology, one can see that the use of technology in for increasing the ways for mass production and better crop yield, has brought along with it great problems that pertain to the â€Å"environmental pollution† and deterioration of the ecological balance. However, it is up will of people to pay heed to these issues. Their whimsical moves have, of course, created problems, and to contain unwanted and extravagant life, man should be mindful to the facts about his environment. (library.thinkquest.org) Past 30 years h ave been very much important since they advancement in technology tends to concentrate during this era. The invention of integrated circuits has caused compact designs and miniature devices, available for the general use of man. The important factor that has emerged during this era is the work and field specialization and their integration for the collective working for the man. People have been able to deduce solutions that are based on two or more separate specialized streams of technology, say, use of medical science and the proposals from athletes, and mechanical engineers to form such a device that may help in overcoming obesity (ScienceDaily.com, 2011). Taking this technological facet we can put forward an example which proves the notion that â€Å"mix of technologies† has literally improved and achieved those blessings of science that were not thought of ever before. The technologies used by physiotherapists, engineering scientists and medical scientists in tandem with each other can prove to be of great use. The gym equipment, today, is used for targeting a special slack in human physiology (Mishra, 2010). â€Å"Machines that are operated manually and with electronic aid can help regulating health† concerns like blood flow, tissues development, and cell physiology. Tread mill is one such example that helps in curtailing the mental constrains and extra physical exertion during typical arduous terrain exercises. Specialized weight equipment that concentrates on specific muscle is in common use (Plowman & Smith, 2008).

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery

Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery Till the early 1990s, the average Indian bought jewellery for investment rather than for adornment. Jewellery made of 18-karat gold was not favoured as it was considered a poor investment. Confidence in the local jeweller was the hallmark of the gold jewellery trade in India. A jeweller or goldsmith in a local area had a fixed and loyal clientele. The buyer had implicit faith in his jeweller. Additionally, the local jeweller catered to the local taste for traditional jewellery. However, since the late 1990s, there was a shift in consumer tastes: women were increasingly opting for fashionable and lightweight jewellery instead of traditional chunky jewellery. There was a rise in demand for lightweight jewellery, especially from consumers in the 16 to 25 age group, who regarded jewellery as an accessory and not an investment. The new millennium witnessed a definite change in consumer preferences. Branded jewellery also gained acceptance forcing traditional jewellers to go in for branding. Given the opportunities the branded jewellery market offered; the number of gold retailers in the country increased sharply. Branded players such as Tanishq, Oyzterbay, Gili and Carbon opened outlets in various parts of the country. Traditional jewellers also began to bring out lightweight jewellery, and some of them even launched their in-house brands. However, the share of branded jewellery in the total jewellery market was still small (about Rs. 10 billion of the Rs. 400 billion per annum jewellery market in 2002), though growing at a pace of 20 to 30 percent annually. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. Moreover, consumers trusted only their family jewellers when buying jewellery. Consequently, the branded jewellery players tried to change the mindset of the people and woo customers with attractive designs at affordable prices. However branded jewellery players will continue to face lot of competition from local jewellers. In order to gain market share, they will have to come up with designs that customers want and win the trust and confidence of consumers by hallmarking and demonstrating the purity of the gold used by them. To compete with traditional players, branded players must also find some way to differentiate themselves. While the success of a particular brand will depend on differentiation, affordability and quality will be a key element in sustaining a brand. In addition, branded players require focused advertising and astute salesmanship to compete with traditional jewellers. Besides the major brands- Tanishq, Carbon, Oyzterbay, Gili and Trendsmith several regional players have opened branches to leverage the trust and reputation that they have built up over the years. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY AIM: To have the Detail Study research on CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS LOCAL BRANDED JEWELLARY IN RECENT TRENDS with my Theoretical knowledge in a practical way and to have a detail knowledge about the consumers behavior in India towards local and branded jewellery . OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: A comparative study on the consumers Perception towards Local and none branded jewellery is to find out: To compare between the consumer preference among the branded and non branded jewellery. To know consumer perception towards jewellery. Brand awareness of various brands in the jewellery market. To have an idea about the parameters the consumers consider while buying jewellery. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TYPE OF RESEARCH Exploratory research: Exploratory research is a form of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH PLAN: The data for this research project would be collected through questionnaire. A structured questionnaire would be framed as it is less time consuming, generates specific and to the point information, easier to tabulate and interpret. Moreover respondents prefer to give direct answers. COLLECTION OF DATA: Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected from internal sources. The secondary data was collected from the articles, newspapers, journals and internet. Primary data: Respondents were the main source of Primary data. The method of collection of primary data would be direct personal interview and also with a structured questionnaire. Tools and Techniques Used For Data Analysis: Survey Questionnaire Statistical Tool Sampling Sample size: 50 people (mostly working) Sampling Method: Convenience sampling among focus groups selected CHAPTER 3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION GRAPHS AND TABLES REGARDS TO RESEARCH Sample Description During our research we try to focus on ladies who are working in Bangalore city. We surveyed 50 people (all female). Graphical Representation: 1. What is your monthly income? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Less%20than%20%20%5B8%5D%7C10000%20%E2%80%93%205%20%5B18%5D%7C50000%20%E2%80%93%201%20%5B16%5D%7CMore%20than%20%20%5B8%5Dchd=e%3AKPXCUeKP Less than 10,000 16% 10000 50000 36% 50000 100000 32% More than 1000000 16% 2. Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B36%5D%7CNo%20%5B14%5Dchd=e%3AuER6 Yes 36 72% No 14 28% 3. How often do you purchase jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Once%20in%203%20%5B11%5D%7COnce%20in%206%20%5B17%5D%7COnce%20a%20year%20%5B22%5Dchd=e%3AOEVwcJ Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% 4. Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%C2%A0%20%5B35%5D%7CNo%20%5B15%5Dchd=e%3AsyTM Yes 35 70% No 15 30% 5. Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? chart.png Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% 6. You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Casual%20Pa%20%5B19%5D%7COutings%20%5B13%5D%7CFormal%20Occ%20%5B4%5D%7CFamily%20ev%20%5B10%5D%7CI%20don%E2%80%99t%20us%20%5B4%5Dchd=e%3AYUQoFHMzFH Casual Parties 38% Outings 26% Formal Occasions 8% Family events 20% I dont use them 8% 7. Does your buying behavior change as per the occasion? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B33%5D%7CNo%20%5B17%5Dchd=e%3AqOVw Yes 33 66% No 17 34% 8. What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Gold%20%5B27%5D%7CPlatinum%20%5B14%5D%7CSilver%20%5B4%5D%7CPrecious%20s%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijR6FHGZ Gold 54% Platinum 28% Silver 8% Precious stones 10% 9. Which product in jewellery you buy most ? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Earrings%20%5B27%5D%7CBangles%20%5B13%5D%7CNecklace%20%5B5%5D%7CChains%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijQoGZGZ Earrings 27 54% Bangles 13 26% Necklace 5 10% Chains 5 10% 10. Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B39%5D%7CNo%20%5B11%5Dchd=e%3Ax6OE Yes 39 78% No 11 22% 11. What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=9601acchl=1%20-%20no%20awa%20%5B0%5D%7C2%20-%20littl%20%5B15%5D%7C3%20-%20moder%20%5B22%5D%7C4%20-%20well%20%20%5B13%5Dchd=e%3AAATMcJQo 12. Would you rather wear modern cosmetic jewellery or traditional ones? Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Modern%20%5B29%5D%7CTraditional%20%5B15%5D%7CDepends%20on%20%5B6%5Dchd=e%3AlHTMHr 13. Do you consider buying an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes 30 60% No 20 40% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B30%5D%7CNo%20%5B20%5Dchd=e%3AmZZm 14. Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes 25 50% No 25 50% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B25%5D%7CNo%20%5B25%5Dchd=e%3Af.f. 15. With the rising cost, do you still believe in buying gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense 24% Yes ,traditions are important 76% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=No%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20%20%5B12%5D%7CYes%20%2Ctrad%20%5B38%5Dchd=e%3APWwo 16. Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B23%5D%7CNo%20%5B27%5Dchd=e%3Adbij Yes 23 46% No 27 54% CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS Table A Frequency of Purchase Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% Table B Brand Preference. Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% Table C Willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery Yes 78% No 22% Table D Awareness about hallmarked jewellery 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% Table E Modern or traditional jewellery Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% Table F Jewellery exchange programs Yes 46% No 54% According to table A, 44% people purchase jewellery once a year. Table B shows that tanishq is the most preferred brand out of the other brands in jewellery. Table C shows that 78% of the people are willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery. Table D depicts that 44% people are moderately aware about hallmarked jewellery. Table E shows that 58% people prefer modern jewellery . Table F shows that 46% have taken advantage of jeweler exchange programs CHAPTER 5 LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Bound to only Bangalore city The limitation of the study is it is limited to only the main city area of Bangalore and ignores the samples from the smaller parts of the district. The buying behaviour of an individual varies from place to place. Awareness- the sample taken and the conclusion drawn can be led to only one side if there is lack of awareness about branded jewellery Sample size- The sample size of the study is only 50 which would not give a comprehensive result. Many important samples may not be considered at all. The conclusion of the study may not result to an accurate outcome due to the sample size being small CONCLUSION It has been concluded from the research that the women sector especially the working women play a great role in purchase of branded jewellery. Branded jewellery is extremely essential. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. The scenario of the Indian customers is still the same as before. The branded jewelers face an enormous amount of competition from the local jewellery dealers. However the present generation does give a lot of importance to the branded jewellery and the awareness is actually growing to a great extent in todays scenario. Nearly 22% of the working women purchase jewellery only once a year and nearly 35% of the ladies are aware of the cosmetic jewellery which shows that the trend is changing to greater extent.44% of the women are aware of hallmark jewellery which is a positive sign for the branded jewellery industry. Today the scenario has changed where people not only buy gold as an investment but also for adornment .60% buy as an investment whereas 40% buy for the sake of adornment which is still a positive sign. The women today especially who are working are ready to welcome the new upcoming fashion in a large scale. If branded jewellery are planning to enter the Indian market then advertising strategies need to be extremely strong as the notion of the public needs to be transformed. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the number of branded jewellers should increase their outlets and the number of sales should increase .As the present generation working women are ready to adapt to branded jewellery. People prefer various cosmetic jewellery and would be ready to welcome them if advertisements are introduced to promote them. At present 70% of the people are aware of cosmetic jewellery .Gold sector should be concentrated and tried to develop as compared to other sectors like diamond , platinum, silver etc. as the percentage of people interested in gold is 27% which is the highest compared to the other avenues. The research indicates that 39% are willing to pay more for better design and quality of the jewellery so the branded jewellery sector must make optimum use of this opportunity and enter the market. Appendix Summary of responses through online research: Excel Sheet Attached Responses.xls QUESTIONNAIRE 1) What is your monthly income? Less than 10,000 10000 50000 50000 100000 More than 1000000 2Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? Yes No 3) How often do you purchase jewellery? Once in 3 months Once in 6 months Once a year 4) Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? Yes No 5) Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? Tanishq D damas Gitanjali jewels Bhima jewellers Nakshatra I dont have a preference 6) You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: Casual Parties Outings Formal Occasions Family events I dont use them 7) Does your buying behaviour change as per the occasion? Yes No 8) What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? Gold Platinum Silver Precious stones 9) Which product in jewellery you buy most? Earrings Bangles Necklace Chains 10) Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? Yes No 11) What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? Choose any number from 1 to 4. 1-no awareness 2-little awareness 3-moderately aware 4-well aware 12) Would you rather wear modern cosmetic light weight corrosion resistant jewellery or traditional ones? Modern traditional depends on the occasion 13) Do you consider buying jewellery an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes no 14) Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes no 15) With the rising cost of gold, do you still believe in brides buying so much gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense Yes, traditions are important 16) Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? Yes No

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Children: Innocent Victims of Domestic Violence Essay -- Violence Aga

Domestic violence is comprised of willful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault or other abusive behavior committed by an intimate partner against another. According to The National Center for Victims of Crime (2011), aggressors of domestic violence persistently disparage, degrade or humiliate their partners. Unfortunately, domestic violence victims are known to habitually blame their own actions, rather than the violent behavior of the abuser. Conversely, violence perpetrated by abusers is repetitively self-driven and depends little on the victims' behavior. The use of psychological, emotional, and physical abuse fused together with episodes of "respite, love, and happiness are premeditated coercive tools used to generate submission" (The National Center for Victims of Crime, 2011, para. 6). This confusing behavior generates a perplexing situation for victims. Domestic violence affects not only those abused. Regrettably, children are victims of domestic violence too. The ch allenging battle amid intimate partners is continuously a burning research topic correlated to the ill effects that the violence has on children. Therefore, it is reputed that the impact of witnessing domestic violence would have the capability to place a magnitude of severe consequences on children. Innocent Victims of Domestic Violence Each year, an overwhelming number of innocent children are exposed to domestic violence. Children witnessing domestic violence in America are a significant dilemma that continues to be of high concern. It is estimated within the United States that approximately 15.5 million children have observed domestic violence, while seven million have witnessed brutal violence incidents (Fortin, Doucet, & Damant, 2011). This f... ...f children who witness domestic violence. Child & Family Social Work, 14(4), 491-501. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00633.x Stiles, M. (2002). Witnessing domestic violence: The effect on children. 1;66(11):2052-2067. American Family Physician. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p2052.html Stover, C. (2005). Domestic violence research: What have we learned and where do we go from here? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, (20)4, 287-315. doi:10.1177/0886260504267755 The National Center for Victims of Crime. (2011). Domestic violence. Retrieved from http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32347#3 Vickerman, K., & Margolin, G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 620-628. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.620

Monday, November 11, 2019

Carl rogers Essay

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to â€Å"grow†, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied. Self Actualization â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize – i.e. to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ we can. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough. However, unlike a flower, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personalit y. Rogers believed that people are inherently good and creative. They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing process. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s â€Å"ideal self† (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person.  The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood experience. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals wishes, and desires in life. When they did so self-actualization took place. For Rogers (1961) people who are able be self-actualize, and that is not all of us, are called fully functioning persons. This means that the person is in touch with the here and now, his or her subjective experiences and feelings, continually growing and changing. In many ways Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and one that people do not ultimately achieve. It is wrong to think of this as an end or completion of life’s journey; rather it is a process of always becoming and changing. Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person: 1. Open to experience: both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resort to ego defence mechanisms). 2. Existential living: in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e. living for the moment). 3. Trust feelings: feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. 4. Creativity: creative thinking and risk taking are features of a person’s life. Person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life: person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences. For Rogers, fully functioning people are well adjusted, well balanced and interesting to know. Often such people are high achievers in society. Critics claim that the fully functioning person is a product of Western culture. In other cultures, such as Eastern cultures, the achievement of the group is valued more highly than the achievemen t of any one person. Personality Development Central to Rogers’ personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a  person. The self is our inner personality, and can be likened to the soul, or Freud’s psyche. The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences. Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unaccept able to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. The humanistic approach states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three components: Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image has an affect on how a person thinks feels and behaves in the world. Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl Rogers (1951) viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve self-actualization. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or her self, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people. A person with low self-worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times, and will  be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others wi ll affect feelings of self-worth. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child. Congruence A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. The development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. According to Rogers, we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our  self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. Incongruence is â€Å"a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience. As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defense mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. A person whose self-concept is incongruent with her or his real feelings and experiences will defend because the truth hurts. Carl Rogers Quotes â€Å"When I look at the world I’m pessimistic, but when I look at people I am optimistic.† â€Å"The very essence of the creative is its novelty, and hence we have no standard by which to judge it† (Rogers, 1961, p. 351). â€Å"I have gradually come to one negative conclusion about the good life. It seems to me that the good life is not any fixed state. It is not, in my estimation, a state of virtue, or contentment, or nirvana, or happiness. It is not a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. To use psychological terms, it is not a state of drive-reduction, or tension-reduction, or homeostasis† (Rogers, 1967, p. 185-186). â€Å"The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination† (Rogers, 1967, p. 187). References Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person-A Psychotherapists View of Psychotherapy. Rogers, C. R., Stevens, B., Gendlin, E. T., Shlien, J. M., & Van Dusen, W. (1967).Person to person: The problem of being human: A new trend in psychology.Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Role of Sleep in Learning and Memory.

Students tend to overload themselves by overnight study to memorize all the study material. However, most of them do not realize that we will have a better result by an adequate sleep than having a three hour sleep before an exam to memorize all the material. This restless lifestyle will significantly reduce health level and in fact reduces our memory consolidation and opportunity to use our unconscious mind to improve the skill that we learn. This theory was first introduced by Muller and Pilzecker about 100 years ago.They made a hypothesis that memory consolidation is time dependent and require regulating from our brain cell which leads to further development in memory consolidation theory nowadays. (McGaugn, 2000. ) According to â€Å"Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. † written by Professor Mowzoon, sleep is divided into 2 main types, which is non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). NREM sleep occur seventy five percent of our sleep and REM sleep only occur for twenty five percent of our sleep. NREM sleep can divide into 4 stages. Stage 1 happens when we are between being awake and asleep.Stage 2 occurs at the beginning of sleep; brain will produce periodic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles that can relax our body muscle and heart rate. Stage 3 and 4 take place in deep sleep. In these stages, our body tissue cultivates and repairs. Lastly, stage 5 of the sleep is involved in REM sleep where most dreaming occurs. In REM sleep, brain and other parts of our body becomes more active but muscles remain in a lessen state. (Mowzoon, 2007) A journal article â€Å"Sleep dependent memory consolidation† from Nature precisely categorizes sleep stages and memory.There are several type of memories but commonly they are divided into declarative memories which we can recall in our mind and non-declarative memory where normally used without conscious. The term memory consolidation is referring to memory stabilizat ion, where memories become more resistible to interference. Several studies show that certain memories are consolidation through REM sleep as complex cognitive procedural learning take place. Procedural memory and spatial memory are greatly improved in REM sleep, where both these memories help to recording information and how to get things done.Motor skills like dancing, would advance while we are in REM sleep. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging has demonstrated that the night after training, region that is active during task performance is reactivated during REM sleep. Besides, even event related potentials shows that high temporal resolution of brain processing in the period of REM sleep. (Stickgold, 2005)The result shows that REM sleep and memory consolidation are highly positive correlated, as a REM-rich periods person will be 3 times more likely to improve in certain skill than a sleep deprivation person.Endogenously, Nature NeuroScience did an electrophysiologica l reading between hippocampus and neocortex respond to episodic and semantic memories. Episodic memory is memories that involve emotion, while semantic memory refers to factual information and knowledge. Both of these memories are categorized in declaration memory. In the experiment, a group of people were given some task and simulating the learning multiple times. After that, subjects are given 2 detail fMRI scan that one is scheduled directly after the learning session and another scan 48hours later.The result shows that there is an increase in functional connectivity over time between hippocampus and medical prefrontal cortex in the first scan is lower than second scan. Subject remember more detailed and perform better after a good night sleep. Therefore learning is highly influence by the successively of reactivation between hippocampal and prefrontal network during our sleeping cycle. (Peyrache, 2009) In addition, the journal of Science written by Maquet, show that sleep has be en occupied that plastic cerebral change due to fresh memory and learning.The recurrence of neuronal bonds during sleep is proven by a few experiments. The neural activity is further shown in walking behavior seems to be reestablished during sleep. The reactivation will increase the intercellular connection strength between the element of network and incorporation of the new experience into long term memory. (Maquet, 2001) Both of this experiment proven that REM sleep has great effect to memory consolidation and learning. Exogenously, sleep is also illustrated to be obliging in memory consolidation and learning.Practice is not the only way to attainment all skill, performance could be improve between learning period and not within it. Explicit skill where we learn it intentionally is sleep-dependent. From an experiment from journal of Current Biology, offline skill improvement can only observed within 12 hours including sleep. The result show that implicit skill might improve due to time but explicit skill is positive correlated to sleep. When we are fully conscious of learning a new thing, the improvement of skill without practice is totally reliant on sleep. Robertson, 2004) Moreover, BBC news reported that in United Kingdom, a group of adult was given a task and for the group who were sent to sleep did better than those who carried on without sleep. Dr Matthew Walker mentions that â€Å"Sleep not only rights the wrong of prolonged wakefulness, but at neurocognitive level, it moves you beyond where you were before you took a nap†. This supplementary enhances the theory that, sleep will improve memory consolidation and learning. (BBC, 2010)As a college student, I fully understand that weighty academic course loads leads to sleep deprivation, but a good sleeping cycle will helps to boost up our academic result. Even though sleep helps to improve our academic, we still have to put in the same effort in our daily life to maintain and improve our result.Re ferences: Mowzoon, N. , M. D. , Flemming, K. , D. (2007). Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272-1278. Peyrache, A. , Khamassi, M. , Benchenane, K. , Wiener, S. , I. , Battaglia, F. , P. (2009). â€Å"Reply of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. † Nature NeuroScience, 12(7), 919-926. Doi:10. 1038/nn. 2337 Maquet, P. (2001) The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048-1052. DOI:  10. 1126/science. 1062856 McGaugh, J. , L. (2000). Memory – A century of consolidation. Science, 287(5451), 248-251. DOI:10. 1126/science. 287. 5451. 248 â€Å"Nap ‘boosts’ brain learning power. BBC News 21 February 2010. Retrieved from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/8524549. stm. Robertson, E. M. ; Pascual-Leone, A. ; Press, D. Z. (2004). â€Å"Aw areness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep†. Current Biology. 14(3): 208–212. DOI:10. 1016/j. cub. 2004. 01. 027 Wamsley, E. , J. , Tucker, M. , Payne, J. D. , Benavides, J. , A. , & Stickgold, R. (2010). Dreaming of a learning task I associated with enhanced sleep dependent memory consolidation. Current Biology, 20(9), 850-855. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2010. 03. 027