Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery

Consumer Perception Towards Local Branded Jewellery Till the early 1990s, the average Indian bought jewellery for investment rather than for adornment. Jewellery made of 18-karat gold was not favoured as it was considered a poor investment. Confidence in the local jeweller was the hallmark of the gold jewellery trade in India. A jeweller or goldsmith in a local area had a fixed and loyal clientele. The buyer had implicit faith in his jeweller. Additionally, the local jeweller catered to the local taste for traditional jewellery. However, since the late 1990s, there was a shift in consumer tastes: women were increasingly opting for fashionable and lightweight jewellery instead of traditional chunky jewellery. There was a rise in demand for lightweight jewellery, especially from consumers in the 16 to 25 age group, who regarded jewellery as an accessory and not an investment. The new millennium witnessed a definite change in consumer preferences. Branded jewellery also gained acceptance forcing traditional jewellers to go in for branding. Given the opportunities the branded jewellery market offered; the number of gold retailers in the country increased sharply. Branded players such as Tanishq, Oyzterbay, Gili and Carbon opened outlets in various parts of the country. Traditional jewellers also began to bring out lightweight jewellery, and some of them even launched their in-house brands. However, the share of branded jewellery in the total jewellery market was still small (about Rs. 10 billion of the Rs. 400 billion per annum jewellery market in 2002), though growing at a pace of 20 to 30 percent annually. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. Moreover, consumers trusted only their family jewellers when buying jewellery. Consequently, the branded jewellery players tried to change the mindset of the people and woo customers with attractive designs at affordable prices. However branded jewellery players will continue to face lot of competition from local jewellers. In order to gain market share, they will have to come up with designs that customers want and win the trust and confidence of consumers by hallmarking and demonstrating the purity of the gold used by them. To compete with traditional players, branded players must also find some way to differentiate themselves. While the success of a particular brand will depend on differentiation, affordability and quality will be a key element in sustaining a brand. In addition, branded players require focused advertising and astute salesmanship to compete with traditional jewellers. Besides the major brands- Tanishq, Carbon, Oyzterbay, Gili and Trendsmith several regional players have opened branches to leverage the trust and reputation that they have built up over the years. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY AIM: To have the Detail Study research on CONSUMER PERCEPTION TOWARDS LOCAL BRANDED JEWELLARY IN RECENT TRENDS with my Theoretical knowledge in a practical way and to have a detail knowledge about the consumers behavior in India towards local and branded jewellery . OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: A comparative study on the consumers Perception towards Local and none branded jewellery is to find out: To compare between the consumer preference among the branded and non branded jewellery. To know consumer perception towards jewellery. Brand awareness of various brands in the jewellery market. To have an idea about the parameters the consumers consider while buying jewellery. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TYPE OF RESEARCH Exploratory research: Exploratory research is a form of research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. DEVELOPING THE RESEARCH PLAN: The data for this research project would be collected through questionnaire. A structured questionnaire would be framed as it is less time consuming, generates specific and to the point information, easier to tabulate and interpret. Moreover respondents prefer to give direct answers. COLLECTION OF DATA: Secondary Data: Secondary data was collected from internal sources. The secondary data was collected from the articles, newspapers, journals and internet. Primary data: Respondents were the main source of Primary data. The method of collection of primary data would be direct personal interview and also with a structured questionnaire. Tools and Techniques Used For Data Analysis: Survey Questionnaire Statistical Tool Sampling Sample size: 50 people (mostly working) Sampling Method: Convenience sampling among focus groups selected CHAPTER 3 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION GRAPHS AND TABLES REGARDS TO RESEARCH Sample Description During our research we try to focus on ladies who are working in Bangalore city. We surveyed 50 people (all female). Graphical Representation: 1. What is your monthly income? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Less%20than%20%20%5B8%5D%7C10000%20%E2%80%93%205%20%5B18%5D%7C50000%20%E2%80%93%201%20%5B16%5D%7CMore%20than%20%20%5B8%5Dchd=e%3AKPXCUeKP Less than 10,000 16% 10000 50000 36% 50000 100000 32% More than 1000000 16% 2. Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B36%5D%7CNo%20%5B14%5Dchd=e%3AuER6 Yes 36 72% No 14 28% 3. How often do you purchase jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Once%20in%203%20%5B11%5D%7COnce%20in%206%20%5B17%5D%7COnce%20a%20year%20%5B22%5Dchd=e%3AOEVwcJ Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% 4. Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%C2%A0%20%5B35%5D%7CNo%20%5B15%5Dchd=e%3AsyTM Yes 35 70% No 15 30% 5. Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? chart.png Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% 6. You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Casual%20Pa%20%5B19%5D%7COutings%20%5B13%5D%7CFormal%20Occ%20%5B4%5D%7CFamily%20ev%20%5B10%5D%7CI%20don%E2%80%99t%20us%20%5B4%5Dchd=e%3AYUQoFHMzFH Casual Parties 38% Outings 26% Formal Occasions 8% Family events 20% I dont use them 8% 7. Does your buying behavior change as per the occasion? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B33%5D%7CNo%20%5B17%5Dchd=e%3AqOVw Yes 33 66% No 17 34% 8. What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Gold%20%5B27%5D%7CPlatinum%20%5B14%5D%7CSilver%20%5B4%5D%7CPrecious%20s%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijR6FHGZ Gold 54% Platinum 28% Silver 8% Precious stones 10% 9. Which product in jewellery you buy most ? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=Earrings%20%5B27%5D%7CBangles%20%5B13%5D%7CNecklace%20%5B5%5D%7CChains%20%5B5%5Dchd=e%3AijQoGZGZ Earrings 27 54% Bangles 13 26% Necklace 5 10% Chains 5 10% 10. Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B39%5D%7CNo%20%5B11%5Dchd=e%3Ax6OE Yes 39 78% No 11 22% 11. What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=9601acchl=1%20-%20no%20awa%20%5B0%5D%7C2%20-%20littl%20%5B15%5D%7C3%20-%20moder%20%5B22%5D%7C4%20-%20well%20%20%5B13%5Dchd=e%3AAATMcJQo 12. Would you rather wear modern cosmetic jewellery or traditional ones? Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=0000e0chl=Modern%20%5B29%5D%7CTraditional%20%5B15%5D%7CDepends%20on%20%5B6%5Dchd=e%3AlHTMHr 13. Do you consider buying an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes 30 60% No 20 40% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=ff9900chl=Yes%20%5B30%5D%7CNo%20%5B20%5Dchd=e%3AmZZm 14. Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes 25 50% No 25 50% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=d00000chl=Yes%20%5B25%5D%7CNo%20%5B25%5Dchd=e%3Af.f. 15. With the rising cost, do you still believe in buying gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense 24% Yes ,traditions are important 76% https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=dcca02chl=No%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20%20%5B12%5D%7CYes%20%2Ctrad%20%5B38%5Dchd=e%3APWwo 16. Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=pchs=345150chco=00d000chl=Yes%20%5B23%5D%7CNo%20%5B27%5Dchd=e%3Adbij Yes 23 46% No 27 54% CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS Table A Frequency of Purchase Once in 3 months 22% Once in 6 months 34% Once a year 44% Table B Brand Preference. Tanishq 42% D damas 24% Gitanjali jewels 14% Bhima jewellers 2% Nakshatra 4% I dont have a preference 14% Table C Willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery Yes 78% No 22% Table D Awareness about hallmarked jewellery 1 no awareness 0% 2 little awareness 30% 3 moderately aware 44% 4 well aware 26% Table E Modern or traditional jewellery Modern 58% Traditional 30% Depends on the occasion 12% Table F Jewellery exchange programs Yes 46% No 54% According to table A, 44% people purchase jewellery once a year. Table B shows that tanishq is the most preferred brand out of the other brands in jewellery. Table C shows that 78% of the people are willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery. Table D depicts that 44% people are moderately aware about hallmarked jewellery. Table E shows that 58% people prefer modern jewellery . Table F shows that 46% have taken advantage of jeweler exchange programs CHAPTER 5 LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS LIMITATIONS OF STUDY Bound to only Bangalore city The limitation of the study is it is limited to only the main city area of Bangalore and ignores the samples from the smaller parts of the district. The buying behaviour of an individual varies from place to place. Awareness- the sample taken and the conclusion drawn can be led to only one side if there is lack of awareness about branded jewellery Sample size- The sample size of the study is only 50 which would not give a comprehensive result. Many important samples may not be considered at all. The conclusion of the study may not result to an accurate outcome due to the sample size being small CONCLUSION It has been concluded from the research that the women sector especially the working women play a great role in purchase of branded jewellery. Branded jewellery is extremely essential. The branded jewellery segment occupied only a small share of the total jewellery market because of the mindset of the average Indian buyer who still regarded jewellery as an investment. The scenario of the Indian customers is still the same as before. The branded jewelers face an enormous amount of competition from the local jewellery dealers. However the present generation does give a lot of importance to the branded jewellery and the awareness is actually growing to a great extent in todays scenario. Nearly 22% of the working women purchase jewellery only once a year and nearly 35% of the ladies are aware of the cosmetic jewellery which shows that the trend is changing to greater extent.44% of the women are aware of hallmark jewellery which is a positive sign for the branded jewellery industry. Today the scenario has changed where people not only buy gold as an investment but also for adornment .60% buy as an investment whereas 40% buy for the sake of adornment which is still a positive sign. The women today especially who are working are ready to welcome the new upcoming fashion in a large scale. If branded jewellery are planning to enter the Indian market then advertising strategies need to be extremely strong as the notion of the public needs to be transformed. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that the number of branded jewellers should increase their outlets and the number of sales should increase .As the present generation working women are ready to adapt to branded jewellery. People prefer various cosmetic jewellery and would be ready to welcome them if advertisements are introduced to promote them. At present 70% of the people are aware of cosmetic jewellery .Gold sector should be concentrated and tried to develop as compared to other sectors like diamond , platinum, silver etc. as the percentage of people interested in gold is 27% which is the highest compared to the other avenues. The research indicates that 39% are willing to pay more for better design and quality of the jewellery so the branded jewellery sector must make optimum use of this opportunity and enter the market. Appendix Summary of responses through online research: Excel Sheet Attached Responses.xls QUESTIONNAIRE 1) What is your monthly income? Less than 10,000 10000 50000 50000 100000 More than 1000000 2Have you ever bought jewellery for someone or yourself? Yes No 3) How often do you purchase jewellery? Once in 3 months Once in 6 months Once a year 4) Are you aware of the various brands of cosmetic jewellery? Yes No 5) Which company do you prefer when it comes to buying branded jewellery? Tanishq D damas Gitanjali jewels Bhima jewellers Nakshatra I dont have a preference 6) You use cosmetic branded jewellery at: Casual Parties Outings Formal Occasions Family events I dont use them 7) Does your buying behaviour change as per the occasion? Yes No 8) What kind of material would you prefer jewellery to be made of mostly? Gold Platinum Silver Precious stones 9) Which product in jewellery you buy most? Earrings Bangles Necklace Chains 10) Are you willing to pay for better design and quality of jewellery? Yes No 11) What is your awareness about hallmarked jewellery? Choose any number from 1 to 4. 1-no awareness 2-little awareness 3-moderately aware 4-well aware 12) Would you rather wear modern cosmetic light weight corrosion resistant jewellery or traditional ones? Modern traditional depends on the occasion 13) Do you consider buying jewellery an investment rather than a simple cosmetic purchase? Yes no 14) Do you gift or are you usually gifted branded jewellery for occasions? Yes no 15) With the rising cost of gold, do you still believe in brides buying so much gold to keep up traditions? No, its a needless expense Yes, traditions are important 16) Have you ever taken advantage of jewellery exchange programs? Yes No

Children: Innocent Victims of Domestic Violence Essay -- Violence Aga

Domestic violence is comprised of willful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault or other abusive behavior committed by an intimate partner against another. According to The National Center for Victims of Crime (2011), aggressors of domestic violence persistently disparage, degrade or humiliate their partners. Unfortunately, domestic violence victims are known to habitually blame their own actions, rather than the violent behavior of the abuser. Conversely, violence perpetrated by abusers is repetitively self-driven and depends little on the victims' behavior. The use of psychological, emotional, and physical abuse fused together with episodes of "respite, love, and happiness are premeditated coercive tools used to generate submission" (The National Center for Victims of Crime, 2011, para. 6). This confusing behavior generates a perplexing situation for victims. Domestic violence affects not only those abused. Regrettably, children are victims of domestic violence too. The ch allenging battle amid intimate partners is continuously a burning research topic correlated to the ill effects that the violence has on children. Therefore, it is reputed that the impact of witnessing domestic violence would have the capability to place a magnitude of severe consequences on children. Innocent Victims of Domestic Violence Each year, an overwhelming number of innocent children are exposed to domestic violence. Children witnessing domestic violence in America are a significant dilemma that continues to be of high concern. It is estimated within the United States that approximately 15.5 million children have observed domestic violence, while seven million have witnessed brutal violence incidents (Fortin, Doucet, & Damant, 2011). This f... ...f children who witness domestic violence. Child & Family Social Work, 14(4), 491-501. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2009.00633.x Stiles, M. (2002). Witnessing domestic violence: The effect on children. 1;66(11):2052-2067. American Family Physician. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p2052.html Stover, C. (2005). Domestic violence research: What have we learned and where do we go from here? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, (20)4, 287-315. doi:10.1177/0886260504267755 The National Center for Victims of Crime. (2011). Domestic violence. Retrieved from http://www.ncvc.org/ncvc/main.aspx?dbName=DocumentViewer&DocumentID=32347#3 Vickerman, K., & Margolin, G. (2007). Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: II. Treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 620-628. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.620

Carl rogers Essay

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to â€Å"grow†, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied. Self Actualization â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize – i.e. to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ we can. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough. However, unlike a flower, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personalit y. Rogers believed that people are inherently good and creative. They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing process. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s â€Å"ideal self† (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person.  The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood experience. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals wishes, and desires in life. When they did so self-actualization took place. For Rogers (1961) people who are able be self-actualize, and that is not all of us, are called fully functioning persons. This means that the person is in touch with the here and now, his or her subjective experiences and feelings, continually growing and changing. In many ways Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and one that people do not ultimately achieve. It is wrong to think of this as an end or completion of life’s journey; rather it is a process of always becoming and changing. Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person: 1. Open to experience: both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resort to ego defence mechanisms). 2. Existential living: in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e. living for the moment). 3. Trust feelings: feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. 4. Creativity: creative thinking and risk taking are features of a person’s life. Person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life: person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences. For Rogers, fully functioning people are well adjusted, well balanced and interesting to know. Often such people are high achievers in society. Critics claim that the fully functioning person is a product of Western culture. In other cultures, such as Eastern cultures, the achievement of the group is valued more highly than the achievemen t of any one person. Personality Development Central to Rogers’ personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a  person. The self is our inner personality, and can be likened to the soul, or Freud’s psyche. The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences. Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unaccept able to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. The humanistic approach states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three components: Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image has an affect on how a person thinks feels and behaves in the world. Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl Rogers (1951) viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve self-actualization. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or her self, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people. A person with low self-worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times, and will  be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others wi ll affect feelings of self-worth. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child. Congruence A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. The development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. According to Rogers, we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our  self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. Incongruence is â€Å"a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience. As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defense mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. A person whose self-concept is incongruent with her or his real feelings and experiences will defend because the truth hurts. Carl Rogers Quotes â€Å"When I look at the world I’m pessimistic, but when I look at people I am optimistic.† â€Å"The very essence of the creative is its novelty, and hence we have no standard by which to judge it† (Rogers, 1961, p. 351). â€Å"I have gradually come to one negative conclusion about the good life. It seems to me that the good life is not any fixed state. It is not, in my estimation, a state of virtue, or contentment, or nirvana, or happiness. It is not a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. To use psychological terms, it is not a state of drive-reduction, or tension-reduction, or homeostasis† (Rogers, 1967, p. 185-186). â€Å"The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination† (Rogers, 1967, p. 187). References Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person-A Psychotherapists View of Psychotherapy. Rogers, C. R., Stevens, B., Gendlin, E. T., Shlien, J. M., & Van Dusen, W. (1967).Person to person: The problem of being human: A new trend in psychology.Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

The Role of Sleep in Learning and Memory.

Students tend to overload themselves by overnight study to memorize all the study material. However, most of them do not realize that we will have a better result by an adequate sleep than having a three hour sleep before an exam to memorize all the material. This restless lifestyle will significantly reduce health level and in fact reduces our memory consolidation and opportunity to use our unconscious mind to improve the skill that we learn. This theory was first introduced by Muller and Pilzecker about 100 years ago.They made a hypothesis that memory consolidation is time dependent and require regulating from our brain cell which leads to further development in memory consolidation theory nowadays. (McGaugn, 2000. ) According to â€Å"Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. † written by Professor Mowzoon, sleep is divided into 2 main types, which is non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). NREM sleep occur seventy five percent of our sleep and REM sleep only occur for twenty five percent of our sleep. NREM sleep can divide into 4 stages. Stage 1 happens when we are between being awake and asleep.Stage 2 occurs at the beginning of sleep; brain will produce periodic brain wave activity known as sleep spindles that can relax our body muscle and heart rate. Stage 3 and 4 take place in deep sleep. In these stages, our body tissue cultivates and repairs. Lastly, stage 5 of the sleep is involved in REM sleep where most dreaming occurs. In REM sleep, brain and other parts of our body becomes more active but muscles remain in a lessen state. (Mowzoon, 2007) A journal article â€Å"Sleep dependent memory consolidation† from Nature precisely categorizes sleep stages and memory.There are several type of memories but commonly they are divided into declarative memories which we can recall in our mind and non-declarative memory where normally used without conscious. The term memory consolidation is referring to memory stabilizat ion, where memories become more resistible to interference. Several studies show that certain memories are consolidation through REM sleep as complex cognitive procedural learning take place. Procedural memory and spatial memory are greatly improved in REM sleep, where both these memories help to recording information and how to get things done.Motor skills like dancing, would advance while we are in REM sleep. Positron emission tomography (PET) brain imaging has demonstrated that the night after training, region that is active during task performance is reactivated during REM sleep. Besides, even event related potentials shows that high temporal resolution of brain processing in the period of REM sleep. (Stickgold, 2005)The result shows that REM sleep and memory consolidation are highly positive correlated, as a REM-rich periods person will be 3 times more likely to improve in certain skill than a sleep deprivation person.Endogenously, Nature NeuroScience did an electrophysiologica l reading between hippocampus and neocortex respond to episodic and semantic memories. Episodic memory is memories that involve emotion, while semantic memory refers to factual information and knowledge. Both of these memories are categorized in declaration memory. In the experiment, a group of people were given some task and simulating the learning multiple times. After that, subjects are given 2 detail fMRI scan that one is scheduled directly after the learning session and another scan 48hours later.The result shows that there is an increase in functional connectivity over time between hippocampus and medical prefrontal cortex in the first scan is lower than second scan. Subject remember more detailed and perform better after a good night sleep. Therefore learning is highly influence by the successively of reactivation between hippocampal and prefrontal network during our sleeping cycle. (Peyrache, 2009) In addition, the journal of Science written by Maquet, show that sleep has be en occupied that plastic cerebral change due to fresh memory and learning.The recurrence of neuronal bonds during sleep is proven by a few experiments. The neural activity is further shown in walking behavior seems to be reestablished during sleep. The reactivation will increase the intercellular connection strength between the element of network and incorporation of the new experience into long term memory. (Maquet, 2001) Both of this experiment proven that REM sleep has great effect to memory consolidation and learning. Exogenously, sleep is also illustrated to be obliging in memory consolidation and learning.Practice is not the only way to attainment all skill, performance could be improve between learning period and not within it. Explicit skill where we learn it intentionally is sleep-dependent. From an experiment from journal of Current Biology, offline skill improvement can only observed within 12 hours including sleep. The result show that implicit skill might improve due to time but explicit skill is positive correlated to sleep. When we are fully conscious of learning a new thing, the improvement of skill without practice is totally reliant on sleep. Robertson, 2004) Moreover, BBC news reported that in United Kingdom, a group of adult was given a task and for the group who were sent to sleep did better than those who carried on without sleep. Dr Matthew Walker mentions that â€Å"Sleep not only rights the wrong of prolonged wakefulness, but at neurocognitive level, it moves you beyond where you were before you took a nap†. This supplementary enhances the theory that, sleep will improve memory consolidation and learning. (BBC, 2010)As a college student, I fully understand that weighty academic course loads leads to sleep deprivation, but a good sleeping cycle will helps to boost up our academic result. Even though sleep helps to improve our academic, we still have to put in the same effort in our daily life to maintain and improve our result.Re ferences: Mowzoon, N. , M. D. , Flemming, K. , D. (2007). Neurology board review: An illustrated study guide. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272-1278. Peyrache, A. , Khamassi, M. , Benchenane, K. , Wiener, S. , I. , Battaglia, F. , P. (2009). â€Å"Reply of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep. † Nature NeuroScience, 12(7), 919-926. Doi:10. 1038/nn. 2337 Maquet, P. (2001) The role of sleep in learning and memory. Science, 294(5544), 1048-1052. DOI:  10. 1126/science. 1062856 McGaugh, J. , L. (2000). Memory – A century of consolidation. Science, 287(5451), 248-251. DOI:10. 1126/science. 287. 5451. 248 â€Å"Nap ‘boosts’ brain learning power. BBC News 21 February 2010. Retrieved from: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/8524549. stm. Robertson, E. M. ; Pascual-Leone, A. ; Press, D. Z. (2004). â€Å"Aw areness modifies the skill-learning benefits of sleep†. Current Biology. 14(3): 208–212. DOI:10. 1016/j. cub. 2004. 01. 027 Wamsley, E. , J. , Tucker, M. , Payne, J. D. , Benavides, J. , A. , & Stickgold, R. (2010). Dreaming of a learning task I associated with enhanced sleep dependent memory consolidation. Current Biology, 20(9), 850-855. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2010. 03. 027

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buy custom Discretion of Police essay Throughout their daily practice, police officers find themselves surrounded by dilemmas and situations which require sober and sound judgment. This mostly occurs in the absence of any form of supervision from senior officers and may be a challenge in cases where the officer is unable to make a decision. This falls under police discretion which has advantages and disadvantages. Discretion simply refers to actions taken by criminal justice officers based on personal judgment depicting the best and reasonable course of action (North Carolina Wesleyan College, 2004). It may entail an officer imposing a legal sanction say, giving a ticket, arresting or stop a traffic offender. Another form of discretion occurs when an officer is required to distribute time among duties. Lastly, officers are expected to decide on whether to use force or not in handling criminals. Discretion may lead to negative image and hatred from the public especially in cases where there exists no consensus on how to d efine and measure criminal behavior (North Carolina Wesleyan College, 2004). Dilemma Handling of family members and other related people also posses a major challenge to countless officers within the criminal justice system. How should police officers deal with their family members found breaking state laws? This definitely calls for sound judgments from the police officer considering the negative and positive implications of discretion. It is important for police officers to appreciate that every citizen is always under the law regardless of their relationships with law enforcing officers. In this dilemma where the officers mother is found driving recklessly while drunk, the officer should take the best course of action buy allowing criminal law to overrule their blood relationship. This would guard the image of the police through public eyes and ensure that everybody receives fair treatment when found on the wrong side of the law (North Carolina Wesleyan College, 2004). Buy custom Discretion of Police essay

Curriculum Development for Inclusive Education Essay

Curriculum Development for Inclusive Education - Essay Example Curriculum Development for Inclusive Education Course Description ESOl level 3 course will prepare students who may include adolescents, young professionals to effectively communicate in English in different situations both orally and in writing. ... The approach seeks to the students’ potential. It is an effort that ensures diverse learners (of different languages, different ways of learning, cultures, different interests, different family lives and homes and with disabilities) are exposed to several teaching strategies that come to them as individual learners (nvpie 2013). The level of this scheme of work is at ESOL (English Speakers of Other Languages) Entry 3. Blackledge (2005, p236) indicates that an individual at ESOL Entry 3 is capable of following straight forward spoken instructions and explanations and make a conversation on a familiar topic (Blackledge 2005, p236). The scheme targets adolescent and adult learners including those with mild disabilities. Mallows (2006, p10) indicates that the ESOL classroom is composed of a diversity of backgrounds and the needs of the learners. There are four potential categories of ESOL learners and they include migrant workers, asylum-seekers and refugees, partners and spouses of students, and settled communities (Mallows 2006, p10). The targeted learners for the developed course include migrant workers and partners and spouses of students. The targeted population in most cases includes individuals who are not well endowed economically. In this respect, the course is well designed to meet their needs in that they need not to purchase expensive equipment to take part in the lessons. Also, the course is designed to be suitable to persons with mild visual and hearing impairments going by the aids to be used during teaching. Multi-media will be applied in teaching to encourage learning through seeing, hearing, and touching. At Entry 3 level, the adults can respond and listen to spoken language including straightforward

Financial ratios Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial ratios - Essay Example There are different ways in which financial ratios can be improved by the firm and hence its performance. However, it is critical to note that financial ratios can also be improved with the help of creative accounting techniques such as use of different depreciation methods, inventory value methods etc. Financial ratios are typically chracterised into five groups and each group consists of different ratios that outline the performance of the firm in that category. For example, liquidity ratios comprises of current ratio as well as acid test ratio. In order to improve upon the liquidity ratios of a firm, a firm can discipline its use of working capital. Since liquidity ratios mostly indicate the firm’s ability to pay off its short term liabilities with its short term assets therefore it is really important that both the current assets as well as current liabilities are managed in optimum manner. In order to improve this ratio, a firm can decrease its reliance on the short term finance and shall encourage the use of internally generated funds to finance its short term working capital requirement. Since current assets are considered as non-productive assets it is therefore important that a balance must be achieved between the current assets and current liabilities to bring the ratios in most favorable condition. Similarly, efficiency ratios indicate the efficiency with which the assets of the firm are managed by the managers. To improve the efficiency ratios, a firm can further tighten its credit extension policy to improve its receivable turnover. This can also be achieved by making the sales activity more robust so that inventories are rotated more frequently rather than piling them up after their production. A higher inventories turnover therefore indicates the ability of the firm to convert its inventories into cash or receivables through sales generation. Profitability ratios can be